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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. But there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also art styles and a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from the citizens and often required them to join the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and had to be revered and obeyed by all people, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are also common throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution including democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this population. A 2009 survey found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inauguration event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it reported on its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other click here areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.